smeared dagger

not listed

N5 - Secure

not listed

Smeared dagger is a medium-sized, widespread but uncommon dagger moth. It occurs in the United States east of the Great Plains and in adjacent Canadian provinces, with a separate population in Alberta, and a handful of records on the West Coast. It is uncommon throughout its range. In Minnesota it is more common in the north, less common in the south. It is found in open woodlands, woodland edges, meadows, bogs, and wetlands.

Adults are ¾″ to 1⅛″ (20 to 28 mm) long and have a wingspan of 17 ⁄16″ to 2⅛″ (36 to 54 mm).

The forewings are long, narrow, pale to medium gray, dull, and heavily marked with obscure, dark gray streaks. They are longer and narrower, and have less sharply defined markings, than other North American dagger moths. There is a circular spot (orbicular spot) in the upper median area and a kidney-shaped (reniform spot) spot at the end of the discal cell. The orbicular spot is a thin dark circle. It is usually incomplete, open at the top and bottom. The reniform spot also has an incomplete dark outline and is usually slightly darker than the background color. There are indistinct, strongly jagged, antemedial (AM) and postmedial (PM) lines. The PM line is accented with a row of dark triangles. The terminal line consists of a series of conspicuous black spots between the veins. The hindwings are white with a terminal line of black spots between the veins.

The caterpillar is known as the smartweed caterpillar. However, it is a generalist, feeding on a wide range of forbs, shrubs, and trees. It also feeds on agricultural crops, where it can cause defoliation and is considered a pest. The late stage (instar) caterpillar is up to 19 ⁄16″ (4 cm) long and is highly variable in color. It is usually mostly black. The breathing pores (spiracles) are white and there is a large, bright yellow, inverted V-shaped blotch between the spiracles. There are numerous tufts of mostly equal-length, bristle-like hairs (setae) on raised warts on each thoracic and abdominal segment. On some individuals the warts are reddish. The hairs are irritating (urticating), and will cause a stinging sensation if the caterpillar is handled. There are sometimes white spots in the subdorsal area, and they sometimes coalesce into a stripe. Mature caterpillars are found from May through November.

Total length: ¾″ to 1⅛″ (20 to 28 mm)

Wingspan: 17 ⁄16″ to 2⅛″ (36 to 54 mm)

Open woodlands, woodland edges, meadows, bogs, wetlands

One generation per year in Minnesota: May through July

Adults are active at night and will come to lights.

Pupa overwinter

Many forbs, shrubs, trees, and grasses, including clover, corn, smartweed, strawberry, fireweed, cattail, alder, apple, birch, aspen, elm, oak, willow, and pine.

Sources

7, 21, 27, 29, 30, 71, 75.

Uncommon