Spring fishfly

Description

Spring fishfly is a large, short-lived, primitive-looking, winged insect. It occurs in the United States and southern Canada east of the Great Plains. It is common in Minnesota. Larvae are found in a variety of aquatic habitats, including ponds, swamps, marshes, and springs. They take one to five years to reach maturity. They feed on both algae and small invertebrates, including crustaceans, clams, worms, and other insects. Adults are found from late May to early July near larval habitats. They live only a few days to a week. They are active at dusk but remain hidden during the day. It is thought that they do not feed, though they have been collected in moth traps.

Adults are brownish-gray, 1⅜″ to 2″ (35 to 50 mm) in length, and have a wingspan of 2½″ to 3⅛″ (63 to 80 mm).

There are two large compound eyes on the sides of the head and three small simple eyes (ocelli) in a triangle on top of the head. The antennae are long, dark brownish-gray, and have many segments. On the female they are serrated on one side, with a short, saw-like tooth on each segment. On the male they are comb-like, with a long branch on one side of each segment (pectinate). The mouthparts are adapted for chewing. The jaws (mandibles) on both sexes are always shorter than the length of the head. The back of the head (occiput) is brownish-gray with dark brown to black markings. On each side of the occiput there is a blotchy stripe in the middle (middorsal), a stripe on each side, and four short streaks between.

The thorax has three segments. It is brownish-gray with dark brown to black markings and a few small yellow spots. The first segment (prothorax) is rectangular and slightly narrower than the head. It is brownish-gray above with dark brown to black markings, including a large dark spot on each side.

The abdomen has ten segments. When viewed from the side the anal plate on the last segment is triangular.

The wings are delicate and very long, much longer than the body. They are clear and tinted pale brown, with no dark or white markings apart from the veins. The veins on the forewing are dark interrupted with white, appearing irregularly dashed. There are many slender cross veins near the leading edge (costal area). The media (M) vein has two branches, both of which reach the wing margin.

The hindwings are pleated, allowing them to be folded over the abdomen when at rest. The veins are mostly medium brown. Only the vein on the leading edge (costal margin) is dashed dark and white like the forewing.

The legs may be mostly yellowish or entirely dark. The last part of the leg (tarsus), corresponding to the foot, has 5 segments and is always dark. The The fourth tarsal segment is cylindrical, not dilated.

Size

Total length: 1⅜″ to 2″ (35 to 50 mm)
Wingspan: 2½″ to 3⅛″ (63 to 80 mm)

Similar Species

Habitat

A variety of aquatic habitats, including ponds, swamps, marshes, and springs

Ecology

Season

Late May to early July

Behavior

Adults are active at dusk but remain hidden during the day. The wings are held roof-like and to the side of the abdomen when at rest. They are relatively weak fliers.

Life Cycle

The larva takes 1 to 5 years to reach maturity. After reaching maturity, it crawls onto land and pupates in moist soil under a log or rock. Adults emerge in the spring and live only a few days to a week.

Larva Food/Hosts

Algae and small invertebrates, including crustaceans, clams, worms, and other insects.

Adult Food

Adults do not feed.