bastard toadflax

not listed

N5 - Secure

SNR - Unranked

not listed

UPL - Obligate upland

FACU - Facultative upland

FACU - Facultative upland

Bastard toadflax is a 4″ to 12″ tall, erect, often branched, leafy, perennial herb that rises from fibrous roots and horizontal rhizomes. It often forms colonies and a single clone can cover a large area. It is semi-parasitic, deriving water and nutrition from the roots of other plants, but also getting nutrition from photosynthesis. Hosts for this parasite includes herbs such as Aster, Antennaria, Solidago, shrub species such as Rosa, Rubus, Fragaria, Vaccinium, tree species such as Acer, Betula, Populus, as well as Carex and various grasses.

The stems are light green, hairless, leafy, and usually branched.

The leaves are alternate or scattered, hairless, and untoothed. They are green on both sides, possibly somewhat lighter green on the underside, but they are not glaucous. They are oval, more than half as wide as long, or oblong, two to four times longer than wide with nearly parallel sides. They are ¾″ to 2″ long and up to ¾″ wide. They attach to the stem with a short leaf stalk or no leaf stalk at all. The tips are usually pointed.

The inflorescence is a compact, somewhat flattened cluster of 12 or more small flowers at the end of some of the stems.

The flowers are ¼″ wide and funnel-shaped. There are 3 to 6 (usually 5) petal-like, greenish-white to white tepals (sepals), fused at the base into a floral tube (hypanthium), and flared at the tips. The tepal lobes beyond the floral tube are less than ⅛″ long. There are no petals. The flowers are not fragrant.

The fruit is small, ⅛″ to ¼″ thick, nearly spherical, fleshy, edible, and contains a single seed. They are at first green, then turn brown as they mature.

4″ to 12″

Greenish-white to white

Pale bastard toadflax (Comandra umbellata ssp. pallida) is a more western variety and has been recorded only in Clay and Becker counties in the northwest. The leaves are thicker, often narrower, more or less glaucous, and lack evident lateral veins. The tepal lobes beyond the floral tube are narrower and ⅛″ long or longer. It has larger fruit, ¼″ to ⅓″ thick.

False toadflax (Geocaulon lividum) is a northern species. It has been recorded only in Cook and Roseau Counties. It has greenish-purple flowers rising from the middle and upper leaf axils. The flowers do not have a hypanthium. The fruit is an orange to red, juicy berry.

Dry, moderate, or wet. Prairies, prairie fens, open woods, shores, dunes. Full or partial sun.

May to July

Sources

2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 24, 28, 29, 30.

Native

Common

Genus
Comandra umbellata is the only species in the genus Comandra.

Family
In A revised classification of Santalales (Nickrent, D. L. et al. 2010) four new families were named that previously were included in the family Santalaceae. The new family Comandraceae would contain two genera: Geocaulon, with one species; and Comandra, with one species. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group in stated in APG IV (2016) that alterations of APG III must await future resolution. GRIN, GBIF, and NCBI place Comandra in the family Comandraceae. USDA PLANTS, ITIS, iNaturalist, Plants of the World Online, and World Flora Online place it in the family Santalaceae.

Plant

Inflorescence

Leaves

Location: Fairview Twp, Cass County